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Litepaper · The awake state

Leontief

The layer that wakes up real-world assets on Stellar.

v1.0 · July 2026 · a 29Projects Lab protocol

Contents
Entry 00

Abstract

Roughly $3 billion of tokenized real-world assets — US and Mexican treasuries, money-market funds, short credit — now live on Stellar, growing about 3× year over year. Almost all of it is idle. Holders earn the base coupon and nothing else: the assets cannot be borrowed against, pooled, or compounded, because the very rules that make them safe in the real world make them incompatible with on-chain DeFi.

Leontief is an adapter layer, not another lending protocol. It wraps restricted RWAs into normalized, freely-composable share tokens — ld-shares — that keep accruing the underlying's native yield, then routes those shares into existing venues: Blend for credit, Aquarius for liquidity. One asset, two jobs, at the same time: still earning, now working.

The mechanism, in one line

deposit → mint ld-share at fail-closed NAV → move / borrow / LP → underlying keeps accruing → redeem ≤ deposited + growth

Entry 01

The idle-asset problem

A tokenized treasury is a near-perfect on-chain asset: real yield, real backing, daily NAV. And yet, once it lands in a wallet, it does nothing but sit there. It cannot be posted as collateral, cannot join a liquidity pool, cannot compound. On-chain, it is a beautiful receipt.

This is not a theoretical gap. On Ethereum, roughly $9 billion of tokenized treasuries became active collateral the moment venues accepted them — and issuer AUM measurably followed the new utility (BUIDL rose after exchange-margin acceptance; OUSG rose after its Aave listing). The same assets, the same holders, exist on Stellar today. The rail that makes them useful does not.

$3B+
RWAs on Stellar,
≈3× YoY
~$217M
of it doing
anything productive
$1B
further growth
SDF targets in 2026
Entry 02

Why RWAs break DeFi

Ordinary DeFi assumes an asset that anyone can hold, priced by an on-chain market, with a fixed unit balance. Regulated RWAs violate all three assumptions at once.

Rule 01They can't be sent to just anyone — transfers are gated by issuer authorization (SEP-8 auth_required / auth_revocable, and the coming SEP-57 identity era).transfer restrictions
Rule 02Their price comes from the real world, not a chart — a daily net-asset value that no AMM or on-chain trade can discover.net asset value
Rule 03Each one pays yield differently — some rebase the balance weekly, some accrue into price. A single wrapper has to handle both.incompatible accrual

A naïve wrapper that ignores any one of these either breaks the asset's compliance, misprices it, or silently dilutes holders across a rebase tick. Leontief is built to respect all three from the first line of code.

Entry 03

The Leontief thesis

Value is unlocked not by moving assets to a new venue, but by making the assets they already hold composable — without breaking a single rule.

Leontief sits one layer below the venues. It does not compete with Blend, Aquarius, or any lending market; it manufactures the collateral they consume. Deposit a restricted asset into its per-asset vault and receive an ld-share: same value, same yield, none of the restrictions. The share is a plain composable token that any Soroban protocol can accept — while the vault keeps every issuer rule intact underneath.

The wrapper itself is not the moat; it is a head start. The durable advantages are three: the permissioned-liquidation design and the issuer relationships it requires; integration gravity, as venues and third-party protocols come to depend on ld-shares; and compliance posture as product, in an era that rewards whoever built with restrictions from day one.

Entry 04

Architecture

Five small Soroban contracts, each with one job. Everything is i128 checked math; every user-favorable rounding goes to the user, every protocol-owed rounding to the protocol.

V

Vault

Per-asset wrapper that is its own ld-share token (ERC-4626-style, SEP-41 surface). Measures deposits by balance-diff, defends against inflation/donation attacks with a virtual-share offset, and passes yield through to pledged and idle shares identically.

F

Vault Factory

Deploys one vault per underlying at a deterministic address and keeps the registry. Duplicate underlyings are rejected.

O

Oracle Adapter

Fail-closed NAV. A price is accepted only if it is fresh (within a real-world staleness bound) and within a per-update deviation limit. Anything else halts pricing-dependent operations — no fallback price, ever.

P

Mini-Pool

An isolated borrow market for the prototype, with permissioned liquidation. At mainnet, Blend takes over as the credit venue and Leontief ships the price adapter Blend consumes.

Non-negotiable

Exits — withdraw and repay — are never pausable. A circuit breaker can halt deposits during an incident; it can never trap a user's funds.

Entry 05

Permissioned liquidation

Restricted assets can't be seized by anonymous liquidators — a random address taking possession of a gated security is exactly the outcome the issuer's rules forbid. This single constraint is why most of the RWA market by value has no lending rail. It is also Leontief's sharpest edge.

Liquidation is gated by an on-chain whitelist. Only approved, compliant liquidators may act, and only when a position's health factor drops below one. A close factor caps how much of a position a single liquidation may repay, and the seize amount rounds in the protocol's favor. The rejection path — a non-whitelisted caller turned away — is a first-class, tested behavior, not an afterthought.

The prototype proves the mechanism deterministically in its own mini-pool. Production credit stays with the incumbent: at mainnet, ld-shares list as collateral in a dedicated Blend pool, and Leontief's tiered unwind design (liquidator → issuer redemption at NAV → documented backstop) handles the restricted-asset case Blend cannot.

Entry 06

The share token in practice

An ld-share is a single number with a rising price. When you deposit, the vault reads the fail-closed NAV, values your contribution, and mints shares floored in your favor. When you withdraw, it converts your shares back to underlying at the current NAV, floored in your favor, and burns before it transfers.

Both mechanics, one formula

share_price = (V + VIRT) · SCALE / (S + VIRT)

rebase asset → balance grows → V rises → price rises

accrual asset → NAV grows → V rises → price rises

Because the price is defined on total value, growth reaches every holder equally — whether their shares sit in a wallet or are pledged as collateral in a pool. Yield-while-pledged is therefore a property of the accounting, not a feature that has to be maintained. A direct donation to the vault raises the price for everyone and mints nothing; a one-stroop attacker cannot profit from a victim's first deposit.

Entry 07

Why Stellar

Stellar is where this specific supply is arriving. It hosts the largest and fastest-growing concentration of exactly the instruments people borrow against elsewhere — treasuries, money-market funds, short credit — and its native asset model (classic assets reachable through the Stellar Asset Contract, with real authorization flags) makes compliance a first-class primitive rather than a bolted-on afterthought.

The tailwind is structural: the Stellar Development Foundation targets around a further billion dollars of asset growth in 2026, and DTCC's Stellar tokenization work lands in 2027. Supply keeps arriving on a utility layer that does not yet exist. Soroban — Rust smart contracts with deterministic execution and explicit state-archival — gives Leontief the safety surface to build that layer conservatively.

Entry 08

Business model

Leontief is infrastructure, not a destination app. It is tokenless by design — no token is required or planned, and revenue is real-yield-linked and non-inflationary. The fee switch ships off at mainnet for a clean audit and a clean launch narrative; activation is a pre-announced governance event, hard-capped in code.

Stream 01Management fee — basis points on wrapped AUM, accrued into the share price.15–25 bps / yr
Stream 02Utility uplift — a share of the incremental yield users earn by deploying their shares.5–10% of uplift
Stream 03B2B integration — issuer white-label wrapping and protocol integration support.negotiated

At a 20 bps management fee alone, $50M of wrapped AUM is $100K/yr; the uplift share at scale is comparable or larger. Break-even for a lean team sits around $60–90M AUM with both streams on — aggressive for year one, plausible in year two against a $3B+ and compounding base.

Entry 09

Roadmap

01

Prototype

The full loop on testnet: restricted asset → wrapped share → borrow → yield-while-pledged → permissioned liquidation, proven by the public five-beat demo.

02

Mainnet, capped

Two to three assets under conservative per-asset caps, 2-of-3 multisig admin, fail-closed oracle live, fee switch off.

03

Venues & depth

Blend pool accepting ld-shares at launch; Aquarius liquidity; the fee switch turned on at demonstrated utility.

04

Permissioned era

A SEP-57 pilot with one permissioned issuer — the step that opens the BENJI-class majority of the market by value.

Entry 10

Risk factors

Leontief holds user funds, so it is engineered to fail safe, and its risks are stated plainly.

Risk 01Smart-contract loss — mitigated by a frozen spec, property and fuzz testing, an external audit, capped launch, and pause drills.critical
Risk 02Oracle failure or manipulation — mitigated by the fail-closed adapter, staleness and deviation breakers, and caps sized to worst-case mispricing.high
Risk 03Issuer action (freeze, gate, redemption delay) — mitigated by per-asset isolation, caps ≤ redemption liquidity, and a launch on openly-transferable assets.high
Risk 04Regulatory reclassification — mitigated by compliance-forward design: restrictions are enforced, never bypassed, and ld-shares are receipts, not new claims.med

The target is stated without hedging: zero loss events, ever.

Appendix A

Initial asset set

The near-term serviceable pool is the openly-transferable RWAs on Stellar. Wrapping even a small fraction is a meaningful first book of business.

USDYOndo — price-accrual US Treasury note; the anchor launch asset.~$529M
CETESEtherfuse Stablebond — weekly-rebasing Mexican treasury.rebase
USTRYEtherfuse Stablebond — weekly-rebasing US treasury.rebase
BENJIFranklin Templeton — permissioned money-market fund; the SEP-57-era target.permissioned

The prototype demonstrates the full loop on a purpose-built restricted demo asset, LEOD, issued with real authorization flags so the compliance path is proven end to end before any real asset is touched.

Appendix B

Plain-language glossary

ld-shareThe composable token you receive for a deposit. Same value and yield as the underlying, none of its transfer restrictions.the wrapper
NAVNet asset value — the real-world price of the underlying, delivered by an oracle and checked for freshness and deviation.the price
Fail-closedIf the price is stale or suspicious, pricing-dependent operations halt rather than guess. No fallback price is ever used.the safety rule
Health factorHow safe a borrow position is. Below one, it becomes eligible for permissioned liquidation.the vital sign
Rebase / accrualThe two ways RWAs pay yield — a growing balance, or a growing price. Leontief handles both with one formula.the two mechanics